3.4.1 Photosynthesis is the major entry point for energy used in biological systems

Photosynthesis convert solar energy into chemical energy

It occurs in plant, algae and prokaryote cells, which are the producers of the biosphere (Autotroph自养生物)

Heterotroph异养生物

Thylakoid 类囊体 has chlorophyll on its membranes

grana(pl. granum)基粒

stroma叶绿体基质

stomata气孔

Chlorophyll叶绿素

The total function of photosynthesis:

$$ 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{light energy} \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2   $$

3.4.2 Light dependent/independent reaction

Light dependent reaction occurs at the thylakoid membrane

It is divided into 3 parts:

1. Split water to oxygen

$$ 2H_2O\rightarrow O_2 + 2H^+ +2e^- $$

1. reduce NADP+ to NADPH
2. generate ATP from ADP by phosphorylation

Light independent reaction: also known as the Calvin Cycle