8.1.1 Ecological systems are organized in a hierarchy that starts with individuals
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between individuals and environment
Biology has hierarchies 生物学有层级结构
Individual → population → community → ecosystem → biosphere
8.1.2 Scope of ecological research
Organismal ecology
population ecology
community ecology
8.1.3 Biomes
Biomes are the areas that shares an average yearly temperature and precipitation pattern
Terrestrial:
| Type | Name |
|---|---|
| Cold Zone | Tundra, Boreal Forest/Taiga |
| Temperate Zone | Temperate rain forest, Temperate seasonal forest, Woodland, Template grasslands |
| Tropical Zone | Tropical rainforest, Tropical seasonal forest, Desert |
| Aquatic Zone | Fresh water, Marine |
Salt marsh 盐沼 Mangrove swamp 红树林沼泽 Coral reef 珊瑚礁 Estuaries入海口
8.1.4 Individuals adjust their physiology & behavior in response to environment changes
Animal behavior:
Innate 先天: Kinesis动性 Taxis驱性 Fixed action pattern固定动作模式
动性无方向，驱性有方向