7.7.1 Branching tree

Phylogeny represents the history of evolution

A phylogenetic tree represents the relationships, distances, and time between species

A cladogram 分支图 only represents the relationships

A branch symbols a Extant specie

Dashes = traits

A node represents a common ancestor

Sister taxa 姊妹分类群

Branches can be rotated without changing the evolutionary relationship

The tree shows the evolutionary relationships between species

7.7.3 Evolutionary trees can be built in several ways

2 types:

1. by shared derived characters 共有衍征
2. DNA/Protein sequence data 更准

outgroup → species F