4.2.1 Overview

All creatures:

  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Response

4.2.2 Signal reception

Receptor proteins have a diversity on their features and they are specialized

Hydrophilic ligands go into the membrane

Hydrophobic ligands do not go into the membrane

GPCR: the largest protein-coupled receptors, works with G-proteins that often binds with GTP/GDP

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RTKs 受体酪氨酸激酶: belong to a major class of plasma membrane receptors

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Ion-channel配体门控通道: When it is opened by a ligand, it allows certain ions to pass through, vise versa

4.2.3 Signal transduction

Signal is transmitted by a cascade of protein phosphorylation($Phosphate from ATP \rightarrow add to Target Protein$)

Enzymes included in the transduction process:

  1. Phosphates磷酸酶 dephosphorylation