1.2.1 Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding

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Water molecule is a kind of polar molecule, which has opposite charges on opposite sides.

1.2.2 Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth’s suitability for life

  1. Cohesion (内聚力) & Adhesion (粘附性):

Cohesion: Cohesion in water refers to the attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding. This property gives water its surface tension and allows it to form droplets.

Adhesion: Adhesion in water refers to the attraction between water molecules and other substances or surfaces. This property allows water to "stick" to other materials, such as the walls of plant cells or glass surfaces.

Adhesion and Cohesion works together to create capillary action, which enables water to move upward through narrow tubes or spaces against the force of gravity. This is essential for plants to transport water from roots to leaves.

  1. Ability to moderate temperature

可以理解为比热容高

  1. Floating of ice on liquid water

Density: Ice > Water > Steam

  1. High solvency

Like dissolves like 相似相溶

1.2.3 Acidic & Basic Conditions affect living organisms

Acidic 酸性 7 Basic 碱性

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Buffer 缓冲液 → 缓冲PH值变化